Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Disorders of Hormonal Regulation
Updated: Aug 23
| Cerebral Link | Publish by Cerebral Publication Private Limited | 2026 | Volume 2 | Page 1-300 | ISBN: 978-81-689463-2-3 | Book Title: - Textbook of Modern General Medicine | Chapter-6: Endocrinology, Diabetes Mellitus, Obesity, Metabolic Syndrome, and Disorders of Hormonal Regulation
Abstract
Endocrine and metabolic disorders are among the most prevalent chronic health conditions worldwide and significantly contribute to cardiovascular disease, renal dysfunction, neurological complications, disability, and premature mortality. This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of endocrinology, diabetes mellitus, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and disorders of hormonal regulation, emphasizing pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, evidence-based treatment, and long-term prevention of complications. Diabetes mellitus is discussed across its major forms, including type 1, type 2, gestational, and secondary diabetes, with attention to diagnostic criteria, glycemic monitoring, lifestyle interventions, pharmacological therapy, insulin management, and acute and chronic complications.
Obesity and metabolic syndrome are examined as complex disorders involving genetic, environmental, behavioral, and hormonal mechanisms. Assessment of adiposity, cardiometabolic risk, dietary and physical activity interventions, pharmacotherapy, and appropriate metabolic or bariatric interventions are considered. The chapter further addresses common endocrine disorders involving the thyroid, pituitary, adrenal glands, parathyroid glands, and gonadal axis. Conditions such as hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, Cushing syndrome, adrenal insufficiency, hyperaldosteronism, pituitary dysfunction, and calcium and bone metabolism disorders are reviewed using structured diagnostic and therapeutic approaches.
Particular emphasis is placed on interpretation of hormonal investigations, endocrine feedback mechanisms, dynamic testing, biochemical evaluation, and appropriate use of imaging. Acute endocrine emergencies, including diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state, adrenal crisis, thyroid storm, severe hypoglycemia, and major calcium disturbances, require rapid recognition and treatment. Integration of preventive care, cardiovascular risk reduction, patient education, individualized treatment, and multidisciplinary management is essential for achieving optimal metabolic control, preventing complications, and improving long-term health outcomes.
Keywords: Endocrinology; Diabetes Mellitus; Obesity; Metabolic Syndrome; Hormonal Regulation; Thyroid Disorders; Adrenal Disorders; Endocrine Emergencies; Metabolic Health
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